The Role of African Diplomacy in Global Politics/ Fight Against Terrorism

Modern diplomacy today is in much more demand, because the art has grown exponentially, since there continue to be crisis one after the other especially the last century which saw two world wars fought and a long and costly cold war. But more than that Africa has been a hotspot with varied conflicts in almost every geopolitical zone of the continent, hence, nations continually depend on the practice of diplomacy to foster both domestic and foreign relations in the spheres of conflict and crisis resolutions, especially in the fight against terrorism. Without diplomacy the global world order as we know it, might grind to a halt, in this endeavor, we must draw inspiration from two notable Americans diplomats.

In their well-researched publications: “The Politics of Diplomacy” and “The Art of Diplomacy”, Mr. James A. Baker and Dr. Henry Kissinger took contemporary diplomacy to another level through their ideas, presentations and voices. The two diplomats have been described by their peers as leaders in the art of negotiation and foreign policy. They have provided a fascinating account of diplomacy in the contemporary world, and globe pursuit of terrorists. For example, Secretary of State, Baker became instrumental in bringing the Cold War in from the dark — for a soft landing by working alongside the former head USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev and the former de facto leader of Soviet Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze to maintain stability in Eastern Europe. Almost simultaneously, he put together the unprecedented coalition of nations that fought the first Gulf War also.

On the heels of that success, he organized the Madrid Peace Conference that brought Arab nations and Israel to the peace table for the first time in modern history. On the other hand and especially during the Richard Nixon administration and the succeeding years, Henry Kissinger today stands out as one of United States well respected statesmen and foreign policymaker of the late 20th century. With his intellectual prowess and tough, skillful negotiating style, Kissinger ended the Vietnam War and greatly improved American relations with its former two primary Cold War adversaries: China and the Soviet Union.

This article is written therefore from the viewpoint to provide an analytical and empirical analysis of international relations in so far as diplomacy and Africa is concerned. It discusses three key issues, which among others, includes the failures of African diplomats on the global stage of negotiations and crises management, depth into comparative analysis of foreign policy, and contemporary diplomatic practices and hence concludes with the review of modern international relations, in the context of the African experience.

As societies develop, new scenarios and equations arise in international relations and the formulation of foreign policy with very little concerns about insufficiency on Africa. Studies have shown that much quantitative analysis in international relations exclude Africa because of the unavailability of reliable information and data about the Africa’s diplomatic success, particularly due to the failure of greater number of African diplomats to make significant impact. The initial conceptual problems are therefore reduced to four specific areas which are discussed in this article.

The current system of diplomatic relations has managed to adapt traditional core functions to contemporary requirements, supported by the modern international affairs. Therefore, accordingly, one of the most important functions of diplomatic mission is the protection and representation of state’s interests and that of its nationals [residents] in the receiving State. In his acclaimed book titled: the Politics of Diplomacy, former Secretary of State, James A. Baker revealed that the international prestige of any country depends increasingly on the consistency of its foreign policy, international relations and the effectiveness of its officials in the Foreign Service, particularly their loyalty and their ability and talents to safeguard and promote the interests of their nations.

It is clear that a thorough knowledge of international relations coupled with prudence and consistency, a diplomat generates authority and the necessary strength to defend the interests of his/her state. Since new international relations call for a multidisciplinary approach to address contemporary challenges where coordination problems require diplomacy and strategy underpinned by internal consensus, much is therefore expected of those on the frontline in a diplomatic arena to protect their countries’ images.

In his thesis on modern diplomacy, former Secretary Baker further explained that an effective diplomacy requires clear and precise goals, in addition to the skillful use of modern means of communication and objective perception of current international issues. In practical terms, for a diplomat to perform his tasks properly, the individual should be properly informed about the state of relations between the State he represents and the receiving State, and the results his State intends to derive from such relationships as a whole. Without a duly established professional diplomacy, the diplomatic staff of a foreign mission tends to be at unpredictable adversity, with obvious consequences.

These include the limited ability to effectively take advantage of opportunities and to adequately address the risks posed by a new international environment. The philosophical changes in international relations, as evident in its orientation, design and implementation, are often the result of the speed and intensity of changes from the globalization process and the increasing inclusion and participation of world leaders and the key elements or individuals who continue to influence global affairs.

The multiplicity of simultaneousness and different fora of negotiations in the international arena is another contributing factor for the deep changes in global relations. For example, a Ghanaian retired diplomat and statesman, Michael Anda, in his book titled “Contemporary Diplomacy in Africa”, argued that if diplomatic functions are to be conducted properly, then African diplomats should be visible in their assignments and must be credible spokesmen for their countries’ foreign policy interests and initiatives.

In his admired work, Anda detailed that some of these African Missions do not perform demanding diplomatic tasks sufficiently and effectively, most often taking a back seats during major conferences, while their colleagues meanly from the United States, Europe and Asia become visible at major sessions or summits. Their failures, he said to make an impact at these gatherings may not be intentional but the inability of most of these African diplomats to not persistently develop interest in reading and to conduct research on modern issues of global politics, he said, has a great part to play, further limiting their scope of understanding of the art and hence their ability to influence decisions.

Anda’s assertion has manifested itself most visibly as I can recall, in an awkward situation that occurred in May 2011 during the official celebration of African Liberation Day in Paris. To my almost surprise and dismay, a senior Liberian diplomat who is being accused of falsifying his university degree and educational credentials to hold on to his lucrative post in the diplomatic field, abandoned his prestigious status and reduced himself to a journalist by putting microphone to his colleagues’ mouths as they delivered stimulating speeches.

An Egyptian diplomat who was also at the occasion, said to me: this is very disappointing, our colleague has reduced himself and his country, what is happening to him, does he know the disgrace, causes and consequences of his action on his country and embassy?, He then said: this is unacceptable. For Henry Serrano Villard, a former African ambassador and author of twelve books; he took the argument of African diplomats performances on the global stage to another dimension, by alleging that it is clear that the deficiency of most African diplomats include serious weaknesses such as qualification, incompetence, and above all the failures to, for most of them, take their responsibilities very seriously, while the appointment of politicians and others with no experience, knowledge, acceptable education and training in international relations and diplomacy are appointed to missions, which accounts for some of the major causes for the low level of performance seen over the last decade.

In his book, Diplomacy and the World, Villard argued that while there are other African diplomats with unique education and respectable characters, some are either elementary or high school dropped outs who managed to beat the system fraudulently to get appointed by forging their credentials to reach highest levels in the field, while others in some instances have bribed their ways to the top in return for preferential treatment and appointments.

While Serrano Villard may have sufficient grounds for this avowal, let me disagree with him not in totality but at some instances on the grounds that while it is true that every profession has its own downsize situation and bad apples, Africans have produced some of the world well respected diplomats that positively impacted global politics, with Dr. Kofi Annan, Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim etc being prime examples, however though, there remain constraints. Another default came to light in 2013 when a certain flamboyant ambassador was quizzed by a group of secondary school students during a certain occasion in France.

The diplomat couldn’t distinguish foreign policy from international relations and the new world order on one hand and the doctrines of President Obama and former president George W. Bush on the order hand. On the stage, the so-called diplomat became a laughing-showcase. For every time he tried to escape the question, he was reminded to address the students’ questions and provide answers. After his clumsiness became clear for all to see the moderator requested the students to give the ambassador some breathing space. The intervention of the moderator was geared towards rescuing the trapped ambassador from further embarrassment.

Other factors responsible for the low productivity of African diplomacy are the serious issues of diplomats negotiating with the powers that be, as to which missions they want to be posted abroad to, instead of getting dispatched to counties by authorities based on their requisite qualifications. It is common for these so-called influential diplomats to lobby for posting to prestigious diplomatic missions in Europe, Asia, America and prestigious African countries and multilateral organizations, as greater numbers are not willing to be posted to poor countries, especially the underdeveloped ones.

Another problem of concern is the existence of too many diplomatic missions abroad, which places heavy financial burden on the scarce resources of these poor sending countries including Liberia. Studies have shown that Washington, Paris, London or Beijing wouldn’t post diplomats to countries of their choice or choosing where diplomats do not have command over the language and knowledge of the host states. In the words of Warren Christopher [a former U.S. Sec of state], a diplomat is a crisis manager and must possess: A good knowledge of international relations, and a good understanding of how international relations function between states, and the cultural of that receiving state.

This is another major deficiency for African countries which post diplomats to countries without being knowledgeable of the host state’s language and culture. The smart ones take less time to learn the language while others spent years without being able to communicate through the medium of both spoken and written language of the host state. For example, a certain Liberian ambassador spent over ten years at one post in one of the European countries, but elementarily, this flamboyant folk wouldn’t communicate both written and spoken of the host country language; this reprehensible dullness, without doubts, will not be the case of an American, Asian, European diplomats or some smart African diplomats. Let me remind those at the top of decision making that the use of effective communication is important in diplomacy as such, understanding the host country’s language is not just key in the process but rather a profound added advantage on the job, networking and easy communcation.

In order for a Foreign Service officer especially an ambassador to gain respect on the global stage, he should have a taste and desire to seek new knowledge by reading and conducting research; must be aware that modern diplomacy goes beyond curtails red wine and swanky banquets and not being restricted to an office, instead, contemporary diplomacy has moved to the next level of networking and holding discussions with other colleagues, engaging major enterprises of host country to invest in the sending state for economic viability and growth.

Others may argue that an interpreter or translator will play a key role in the process, but let us not forget that the interpreter will not always say the precise words-either there will be addition or reduction in the interpretation that finally comes out while in most cases especially at the higher occasions, interpreter will not be around. For example, during important occasions being hosted by the host country, the language of that country is officially used to communicate, while diplomacy demands for embassies’ communications to the host country’s foreign departments to be communicated in that country official language.

While some are very good in interpreting, others may not have the academic intellect, hence, to meet up with the demanding task that goes with the job. But might seek the job solely to make a living at the detriment of these diplomatic missions, where heads of governments and his crops do not have commend over the host state languages.